Monday, October 26, 2026

Review of Linchpin: Are You Indispensable? by Seth Godin

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“You weren’t born to be a cog in the giant industrial machine.  You were trained to become a cog.  |  There’s an alternative available to you.  Becoming a linchpin is a stepwise process, a path in which you develop the attributes that make you indispensable.  You can train yourself to matter.  The first step is the most difficult, the step where you acknowledge that this is a skill, and like all skills, you can (and will) get better at it.  Every day, if you focus on the gifts, art, and connections that characterize the linchpin, you’ll become a little more indispensable.” – Seth Godin, Introduction, Page 6

 

“Here’s the problem, which you’ve already guessed.  If you make your business possible to replicate, you’re not going to be the one to replicate it.  Others will.  If you build a business filled with rules and procedures that are designed to allow you to hire cheap people, you will have to produce a product without humanity or personalization or connection.  Which means you’ll have to lower your prices to compete.  Which leads to a race to the bottom.  |  Indispensable businesses race to the top instead.” – Seth Godin, The New World of Work, Page 11

 

“When your organization becomes more human, more remarkable, faster on its feet, and more likely to connect with customers, it becomes indispensable.  The very thing that made your employee a linchpin makes YOU a linchpin.  An organization of indispensable people doing important work is remarkable, profitable, and indispensable in and of itself.” – Seth Godin, Thinking About Your Choice, Page 35-36


Review

Is This An Overview?

People are trained and educated to be cogs.  Cogs are dispensable people.  Cogs exchange their thinking ability for an instruction manual, and do not take responsibility for decisions.  Linchpins are indispensable people who make a difference.  A linchpin is not labor or management.  A linchpin is someone who can figure out how to make valuable decisions that enable everything to happen.  Linchpin’s decisions are creative, passionate, have emotional work, lead others, and make human connections.  Everyone has the capacity to learn to develop the skills to become indispensable.

 

While cogs can be mistreated, because cogs are replaceable.  Linchpins have to be treated better because linchpins cannot be readily replaced.  For manages, what makes employees linchpins, makes the manager and organization a linchpin.  For an organization that has indispensable people, develop products that are indispensable.

 

Caveats?

This book is marketing what is known as the culture of innovation, that everyone can contribute to the decision making process.  Innovation is needed, but there are limits to the culture of innovation which are based on scarcities such as of time, resources, and attention.  People already spend their time working, and businesses are meant for efficient organization. 

 

This book is primarily a motivation book, in trying to get everyone to become a linchpin.  The explanation method is to share examples of other people’s work, or abstract claims about what linchpins can do.  To better understand various characteristics of what makes a linchpin, such as the emotional work, would require more research from books more capable on those subjects. 

 

Although education has problems, the attacks on education are counterproductive.  Education can make people cogs, but education can also enable people to figure out how to improve the ideas and systems that people care about.  What it takes is for people to want to learn beyond what an educational system provides. 

 

Having a system filled with indispensable people is fragile.  Should a single person leave, there could be vast negative consequences for the continuation of the business.  Cogs might not be as productive, but cogs can be replaced without breaking a system that is working.  The initially indispensable people should train and educate others to become better, but that would also result in the indispensable people becoming dispensable. 

 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is a linchpin? 
•What is a cog?
•What is the power of a gift?
•What are indispensable businesses? 
•What is the value of mass production? 
•What is the value of an education?
•How does a linchpin get treated?
•What is the limit of depth of knowledge? 
•What is emotional labor?
•Who are artists?
•What does it mean to ship? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Portfolio [Penguin Group]
Edition ISBN:         9781591843160
Pages to read:          240
Publication:             2010
1st Edition:              2010
Format:                    Hardcover 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          3
Overall          3






Wednesday, October 21, 2026

Review of The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Politics
Book Club Event = Book List (12/19/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Get To Know The Peoples Of The World (World History), 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“What is emerging victorious, in other words, is not so much liberal practice, as the liberal idea.  That is to say, for a very large part of the world, there is now no ideology with pretensions to universality that is in a position to challenge liberal democracy, and no universal principle of legitimacy other than the sovereignty of the people.  Monarchism in its various forms had been largely defeated by the beginning of this century.  Fascism and communism, liberal democracy’s main competitor’s up till now, have both discredited themselves.” – Francis Fukuyama, Chapter 4: The Worldwide Liberal Revolution, Page 61


“The persistence of war and military competition among nations is thus, paradoxically, a great unifier of nations.  Even as war leads to their destruction, it forces states to accept modern technological civilization and the social structures that support it.  Modern natural science forces itself on man, whether he cares for it or not: most nations do not have the option of rejecting the technological rationalism of modernity if they want to preserve their national autonomy.” – Francis Fukuyama, Chapter 6: The Mechanism of Desire, Page 92


“For Hegel, freedom was not just a psychological phenomenon, but the essence of what was distinctively human.  In this sense, freedom and nature are diametrically opposed.  Freedom does not mean the freedom to live in nature or according to nature; rather, freedom begins only where nature ends.  Human freedom emerges only when man is able to transcend his natural, animal existence, and to create a new self for himself.  The emblematic starting point for this process of self-creation is the struggle to the death for pure prestige.” – Francis Fukuyama, Chapter 13: In the Beginning a Battle to the Death for Pure Prestige, Page 172


Review

Is This An Overview?

Liberal democracy has overcome competitors and has become the source of legitimate governance.  Rather than people threatened to be part of a state, people want to be part of democratic states.  Democracy is the pinnacle of ideologic evolution, and the final form of government.  Ideals of liberal democracy cannot be improved upon.  Previous forms of government led to decisions that caused their collapse.  To preserve autonomy, states are forced to develop technologies and social structures that validate democratic values. 

 

Leaders of democratic states can be pressured to behave and respond to the values of their citizens.  Causing democracy to provide people with needed recognition and justice.  Democratic states do have social problems, but those problems are not flaws within a democracy.  Dictatorships do not need to consider what their people think.  What prevents democracy from becoming universal, are cultural values.  People can be habituated to inferior forms of governance. 

 

Caveats?

Competition prevents sustained hegemony.  Becoming the pinnacle is a retrospective, for previous forms of government could have made that case that those values were the pinnacle.  Democracies have their own contradictions.  An afterword acknowledges that democratic governments do not necessarily behave as democracies should.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is liberal democracy?
•Why is democracy the end of history?
•What is state legitimacy?  
•What is thymos?
•How do democracies behave toward each other?
•What is totalitarianism?
•Does history have a direction?
•Are there universal principles? 
•How has science affected civilization? 
•What is the effect of war?
•What is the purpose of watchdog organizations? 
•What is freedom?  
•What is the difference between master and slave?
•What prevents liberal democracies from becoming universal?


Book Details
Edition:                   First Free Press trade paperback edition
Publisher:               Free Press [Simon & Schuster]
Edition ISBN:         9781416531784
Pages to read:          383
Publication:             2006
1st Edition:             1992
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    4
Content          2
Overall          2






Saturday, October 17, 2026

Review of The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology by Ray Kurzweil

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Science
Book Club Event = Book List (12/05/2026)
Intriguing Connections = How Does Digital Technology Modify Society?, 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“To this day, I remain convinced of this basic philosophy: no matter what quandaries we face – business problems, health issues, relationship difficulties, as well as the great scientific, social, and cultural challenges of our time – there is an idea that can enable us to prevail.  Furthermore, we can find that idea.  And when we find it, we need to implement it.  My life has been shaped by this imperative.  The power of an idea – this is itself an idea.” – Ray Kurzweil, Prologue: The Power of Ideas, Page 24


“Although it may seem difficult to envision the capabilities of a future civilization whose intelligence vastly outstrips our own, our ability to create models of reality in our minds enables us to articulate meaningful insights into the implications of this impending merger of our biological thinking with the nonbiological intelligence we are creating.” – Ray Kurzweil, Prologue: The Power of Ideas, Page 27


“The key idea underlying the impending Singularity is that the pace of change of our human-created technology is accelerating and its powers are expanding at an exponential pace.  Exponential growth is deceptive.  It starts out almost imperceptibly and then explodes with unexpected fury – unexpected, that is, if one does not take care to follow its trajectory.” – Ray Kurzweil, Chapter One: The Six Epochs, Page 30


Review

Is This An Overview?

There is power in an idea.  An idea can overcome any challenge.  Challenges and conflicts in business, relationships, science, and culture can be overcome by implementing an appropriate idea.  People can envision a future, can foresee problems, and use those findings to adjust what can be.  The Singularity is a reference to the impact of rapid technological change that transforms society.  The rate of change of human created technology is exponential, rather than linear.  With exponential change, the initial change is slow but then becomes exceedingly fast. 

 

As there are limits to biological thinking, humans are merging with nonbiological intelligence that humans are creating.   Nonbiological portions of intelligence will give people power over their own fate.  Intelligence that will culminate into three revolutions.  The revolutions in Genetics, Nanotechnology, and Robotics.  Nanotechnology will enable the reconstruction of biology through every molecule.  Robotics will enable intelligence beyond human capabilities.  Genetics will bioengineer any biological difficulty.

 

Caveats?

The focus are the benefits of technology, with some ideas to the problems.  Technology is assumed to provide mainly benefits, will keep the best of what humans have to offer, and that the benefits develop faster than the problems of the technologies.  Implicit assumptions are that people agree on what the best human traits are, and that humans have the same wants from technology.  The problem with the assumptions, is that there are conflicts of interest in what people want from technology.  

 

Various potential technologies are assumed to exist in the future, often based on practical science.  But sometimes, the explanations and ideas appear to be based on science but are not.  This book made various claims about what should have occurred, making this book an interesting retrospective about the capabilities of technology and their limitations.   


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is the power of an idea?
•What can be done with models of reality?
•What is the effect of the limits on biological thinking? 
•What is the Singularity?
•What are the six epochs?
•What defines information?
•What is Moore’s Law?
•What is the effect of a transistor’s size?
•What are the three revolutions of the 21st century? 
•What technologies are possible in the future? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Penguin Books [Penguin Group]
Edition ISBN:         9781101218884
Pages to read:          481
Publication:             2006
1st Edition:              2005
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          2
Overall          2






Tuesday, October 13, 2026

Review of Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity edited by Mike Featherstone

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Starting from that point, I will argue that it is not the nation-state in trade, diplomacy, or war that makes an international system, but an international system that makes a state trade, act diplomatically, and go to war.  This inversion of the utilitarian logic is at the heart of the globological (sociology on a world scale) critique of international relations theory.” – Albert Bergesen, Turing World-System Theory on its Head, Page 76


“There is now a world culture, but we had better make sure that we understand what this means.  It is marked by an organization of diversity rather than by a replication of uniformity.  No total homogenization of systems of meaning and expression has occurred, nor does it appear likely that there will be one any time soon.  But the world has become one network of social relationships, and between its different regions there is a flow of meanings as well as of people and goods.” – Ulf Hannerz, Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture, Page 237


“An examination of conflicts and their relationship with culture also needs to take heed of the specific conditions under which conflicts probably arise.  Intercultural tensions and misunderstandings occur if any of the participants in intercultural communication implicitly or explicitly acts in violation of others’ expectations.  Where cultural constraints are low, a relatively high level of insecurity and risk prevails in the intercultural interaction.  Conversely, if there is a high degree of cultural constraint the prevailing level of insecurity and risk is relatively low.  The potential for conflict between strangers is relatively greater in situations with low cultural constraints than in those with high constraints.  To put it another way, the danger of committing an error of interaction is greater when there are no specific rules governing and guiding the various episodes of interaction.” – Volkmar Gessner, and Angelika Schade, Conflicts of a Culture In Cross-border Legal Relations, Pages 258-259


Review

Is This An Overview?

Global culture is marked by diversity rather than uniformity.  Composed of a network of social relationships, and flows of meaning and people across borders.  Methods of communication that carry local cultures across the globe.  A collection of local cultures, which are better understood within the context of other cultures than in isolation.

 

Cultures define differences between groups.  Each person can participate in many cultures.  Conflicts and misunderstandings occur during intercultural exchange when there are violations of expectations of behavior.  Guidelines or governing rules that determine how to interact between cultures are used to prevent risk of cultural animosity.  Individual behavior shape and is shaped by culture.  International systems are not made by diplomacy, rather, international systems cause states to behave diplomatically.

 

Caveats?

This book can be difficult to read.  The writing style of the diverse authors is generally lengthy prose descriptions of abstract topics.  At times, the different authors discuss the same topic differently, without becoming more informative.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is culture? 
•What limits the developments of a global culture?
•What are third cultures? 
•How do cultures influence behaviors?
•How to think of local cultures?
•What are the outcomes of intercultural communication? 

Book Details
Ancillary Author:   Mike Featherstone, Roland Robertson, Immanuel Wallerstein, Roy Boyne, Albert Bergesen, Peter Worsley, Margaret Archer, Alain Touraine, Zygmunt Bauman, Anthony D. Smith, Friedrich H. Tenbruck, Johann P. Arnason, Ulf Hannerz, Volkmar Gessner, Angelika Schade, Yves Dezalay, Arjun Appadurai, Jonathan Friedman, John O'Neill, Bryan S. Turner, Stephen Mennell, Peter F. Beyer, Anthony King
Publisher:               SAGE Publications
Edition ISBN:         9780803983229
Pages to read:          410
Publication:             1990
1st Edition:              1990
Format:                    Paperback 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    2
Content          2
Overall          1






Friday, October 9, 2026

Review of Why We're Polarized by Ezra Klein

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Politics
Book Club Event = Book List (11/28/2026)


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“We are so locked into our political identities that there is virtually no candidate, no information, no condition, that can force us to change our minds.  We will justify almost anything or anyone so long as it helps our side, and the result is a politics devoid of guardrails, standards, persuasion, or accountability.” – Ezra Klein, Introduction: What Didn’t Happen, Page 9


“Society needs lots of different kinds of people, with lots of different kinds of psychologies, to thrive.  There are times when a mistrust of outsiders is necessary for a culture to repel a threat.  There are times when enthusiasm about change is the only thing standing between a society and stagnation.  Open isn’t better than closed.  Conscientious is a trait, not a compliment.  Evolutionarily, the power is in the mix of outlooks, not in any one outlook – that’s why this psychological diversity has survived.” – Ezra Klein, Chapter 2: The Dixiecrat Dilemma, Page 53


“I want to dwell on this for a minute, because it’s an insane finding: being better at math made partisans less likely to solve the problem correctly when solving the problem correctly meant betraying their political instincts.  People weren’t reasoning to get the right answer; they were reasoning to get the answer that they wanted to be right.” – Ezra Klein, Chapter, Page 91


Review

Is This An Overview?

There was a time in American politics that the different parties appeared to be similar.  Party affiliation was not a signifier of principles and perspectives of the individual members.  There was a want for polarization of the parties, to enable voters to differentiate the parties.  With the advent of more data about voters, the parties were able to target voters and develop ideologies that would better sort voters into the parties.  A self-reinforcing positive feedback cycle of politicians appealing to a more polarized public, which polarizes the public further.  The polarization has become so effective, that Americans have become locked into political identities.  Voters are no longer persuadable to change their mind due to candidate behavior, or policy initiatives.  Elections have become about motivating the people who already agree with party ideology, to go vote.  Supreme Court judges are chosen for party loyalty rather than merit. 

 

Polarization creates polarization, but not necessarily extremism.  People defer to group decisions because groups collectively know more than any individual, making group decisions more likely to be accurate.  People override their personal views about a policy in favor of the group’s decisions.  This has the effect of seeking to validate evidence of group’s ideas, while opposing the decisions of other groups.  Rather than seeking to have the appropriate answers, people reason to an answer that supports their group.  For partisans, an expert becomes someone credentialed that agrees with the partisan. 

 

Among the causes of problems of polarization, is the weaponization of identity.  Individuals have diverse identities, but political identities have become amplified and prominent.  Those not in the group, become treated with skepticism and hostility.  People care less about their party, but will vote for their party because of their dislike of the opposing party.  Policies that initially have bipartisan support due to merit, become partisan when a party makes the policy their own.  Society needs psychological diversity, but the parties have become psychologically homogenous.  There is less ideological overlap within the groups.

 

Caveats?

This book is focused on the system of politics, not on the individuals or groups.  The individuals and groups become simplified.  There are explanations that need to be refined, to prevent misunderstandings.  There are limits to how to manage the problems with polarization.   


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Why has voting behavior become predictable? 
•Why think in systems?  
•What is the polarization feedback loop?
•What is identity politics?  
•What was the political polarization situation during the 1950s?
•How has party affiliation evolved? 
•What is negative partisanship? 
•Who were the Dixiecrats?
•What is the effect of sorting?
•What does the classification of ‘them’ do to decision making?
•What is the effect of being without a group, of loneliness? 
•Who supported universal healthcare?  
•What are the benefits of groups? 
•How do belonging to a group affect an individual’s decision making?
•What is the motivation of a party?
•What happens to intelligent people when there is evidence of their group’s ideas being wrong?
•What is an expert?
•How to activate someone’s identity?
•What happens to data gaps during transitions of power?
•Why do people follow politics?
•What is the history of journalism? 
•How to win an election? 
•What does it mean to have weak parties but strong partisanship? 
•How are Supreme Court judges selected?
•How to manage polarization? 

Book Details
Edition:                   First Avid Reader Press hardcover edition
Publisher:               Avid Reader Press [Simon & Schuster]
Edition ISBN:         9781476700397
Pages to read:          238
Publication:             2021
1st Edition:              2020
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          4
Overall          5