Sunday, June 28, 2026

Review of A Mercy by Toni Morrison

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (08/01/2026)
 

Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“The beginning begins with the shoes.  When a child I am never able to abide being barefoot and always beg for shoes, anybody’s shoes, even on the hottest days.  My mother, a minha mãe, is frowning, is angry at what she says are my prettify ways.  Only bad women wear high heels.” – Toni Morrison, Page 9

 

“When that “people’s war” lost its hopes to the hangman, the work it had done – which included the slaughter of opposing tribes and running the Carolinas off their land – spawned a thicket of new laws authorizing chaos in defense of order.  By eliminating manumission, gatherings, travel and bearing arms for black people only; by granting license to any white to kill any black for any reason; by compensating owners for a slave’s maiming or death, they separated and protected all whites from all others forever.  Any social ease between gentry and laborers, forged before and during that rebellion, crumbled beneath a hammer wielded in the interests of the gentry’s profits.” – Toni Morrison, Page 14-15

 

“The soft fingers fumbled for the absent haft.  Jacob raised his eyes to D’Ortega’s, noticing the cowardice of unarmed gentry confronted with a commoner.  Out here in wilderness dependent on paid guards nowhere in sight this Sunday.  He felt like laughing.  Where else but in this disorganized world would such an encounter be possible?  Where else could rank tremble before courage?  Jacob turned away, letting his exposed, unarmed back convey his scorn.  It was a curious moment.  Along with his contempt, he felt a wave of exhilaration.” – Toni Morrison, Page 26


Review

Is This An Overview?

For those who do not want to properly compensate others for their efforts, tyranny is applied.  Tyrants appear to have wealth and status, but are terrible people.  Terrible people who are dependent on those who they oppress.  They cannot fight nor are efficient workers.  But the oppressed have little choice but to submit.  Laws made to justify keeping a people oppressed.  This is an era when the oppressed can be murdered or sold without any recourse.  The oppressed need the political protection that tyrants provide.  How do people survive?

 

Caveats?

The book can be difficult to read.  The writing style has the benefit of putting the reader into how people of the era would have thought about the events that were transpiring.  The consequent of the writing style is making the content appear to be a stream of unfiltered thoughts, which can cause the content to appear confusing.

 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Who is Lina?
•Who is Florens?
•What was the ‘people’s war’?
•Who is D’Ortega?
•What was the encounter between D’Ortega and Jacob?
•What happed to the Mistress, Rebekka Vaark?
•Who is Scully?

Book Details
Publisher:               Alfred A. Knopf [Random House]
Edition ISBN:         9780307270443
Pages to read:          123
Publication:             2008
1st Edition:              2008
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    1
Content          1
Overall          1






Wednesday, June 24, 2026

Review of Age of Revolutions: Progress and Backlash from 1600 to the Present by Fareed Zakaria

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology
Book Club Event = Book List (07/18/2026)


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Liberal democracy is about rules, not outcomes.  We uphold freedom of speech, rather than favoring specific speech.  We want elections to be free and fair, rather than favoring one candidate.  We make law by census and compromise, not by decree.  But increasingly there are those – frustrated by the process, sure of their virtue, loathing the other side – who want to ban what they regard as “bad” speech, make policy by fiat, or even manipulate the democratic process.  The ends justify the means.” – Fareed Zakaria, Introduction: A Multitude Of Revolutions, Page 11


“But it was only after the Dutch Revolution, when the Netherlands broke with the Catholic Church, that the country truly became an open marketplace of ideas.  The general distaste for Inquisitors and censors allowed philosophical strains that would have been repressed elsewhere to flourish.  As a deadening blanket of repression and censorship known as the Counter-Reformation fell across Catholic Europe, Protestant societies began producing significantly more scientists than their Catholic counterparts.” – Fareed Zakaria, Chapter 1: The First Liberal Revolution: The Netherlands, Page 46


“Above all, the French Revolution shows the danger of revolution imposed by political leaders, rather than growing naturally out of broad social, economic, and technological changes.  French leaders tried to impose modernity and enlightenment by top-down decree on a country that was largely unready for it.  The core problem was this: modernization takes decades if not centuries to develop.  In those countries where liberalism had taken deep root, it had developed by fits and starts, in the Netherlands’ city halls and merchant associations or in England’s parliamentary committees and joint-stock companies.  It had grown through a bottom-up process of economic and technological transformation, coupled later with skillful leadership that navigated these new currents.” – Fareed Zakaria, Chapter 3: The Failed Revolution: France, Page 75


Review

Is This An Overview?

A revolution is about change.  Change can have benefits, but also disruptions.  People want change when their conditions would improve, but disruptions cause a backlash.  People want to retain their condition when the disruptions cause a deterioration in their situation, such as through allocating resources away to others.  Societies develop over time, changing over time.  Societies can be torn apart when the society cannot abord the disruptions.  Although there is no certainty to what happens to societies, much of what happens next depends on human action and interaction over time.

 

The historic experience of states, the various different methods that states used to achieve their status, has provided guidelines for what can improve welfare and what can harm welfare.  States improve their welfare when political power is diffused.  When society is based on rules rather than outcomes.  When laws are made by consensus and compromise rather than decree.  When there is free speech rather than censorship.  When there are competitive elections rather than a candidate forced unto a people.   When the private and public sectors support each other.  Societies fought through various conflicts to obtain these features.  Even as states have improved through the features, the same states have changed to prevent the features.  There are those who benefit from restricting what others do and think, and want to dictate the terms others live by. 

 

Caveats?

The book is split into a few historic revolutions and a few contemporary revolutions.  While the historic revolutions have coherent timeline for events that includes a conclusion, the contemporary revolutions are still progressing which makes their conclusions uncertain.  There is a bias in the features that are meant to improve or hinder society, which influence explanations for content.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is a revolution?
•What is liberal democracy? 
•What is illiberalism?
•What are the disruptions to change?
•How should societies change?
•What caused the division between Left and Right?
•How does geography affect politics?
•What is the purpose of the Olympics?
•How to divide people?
•What is gunboat diplomacy? 
•How did changes in transportation change the world?
•What is Neoliberalism? 
•How have changes in communication and information, changed the world?
•What happened to American power?
•What happened to Venice?
•What happened to the Netherlands?
•How did the French elite think of the Netherlands?
•What caused the Industrial Revolution?
•What happened to England?
•What happened to France?


Book Details
Edition:                   First Edition
Publisher:               W. W. Norton
Edition ISBN:         9781324089353
Pages to read:          304
Publication:             2024
1st Edition:              2024
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5






Thursday, June 18, 2026

Review of Human Acts by Han Kang

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (07/11/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Get To Know The Peoples Of The World (South Korea), 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“The one stage in the process that you couldn’t quite get your head around was the singing of the national anthem, which took place at a brief, informal memorial service for the bereaved families, after their dead had been formally placed in the coffins.  It was also strange to see the Taegukgi, the national flag, being spread over each coffin and tied tightly in place.  Why would you sing the national anthem for people who’d been killed by soldiers?  Why cover the coffin with the Taegukgi?  As though it wasn’t the nation itself that had murdered them.” – Han Kang, Chapter 1: The Boy, 1980, Page 23


“I found out later that the army had been provided with eight hundred thousand rounds that day.  This was at a time when the population of the city stood at four hundred thousand.  In other words, they had been given the means to drive a bullet into the body of every person in the city twice over.  I genuinely believe that, if something had come up, the commanding officers would have issued the order for the troops on the ground to do just that.” – Han Kang, Chapter 4: The Prisoner, 1990, Page 100


“Before, they’d tortured us in order to extract the particulars of actual crimes.  Now, all they wanted was a false confession, so that our names could be slotted neatly into the script they had already devised.” – Han Kang, Chapter 4: The Prisoner, 1990, Page 101


Review

Is This An Overview?

Before 1980, South Korea had an authoritarian government.  South Korea was industrializing quickly, but the people suffered repressive conditions.  During 1980, the leader was replaced, by another authoritarian leader.  The people were under attack by their own government.  This is a story of those who were repressed.  Those who had to take care of the dead.  Those who are tortured for a narrative.  Those who are censored.  Those who have to live with the memories of what has been done.  The human acts responsible for the violence.  The human acts involved in maintaining courage in spite of the violence. 

 

Caveats?

This is a gruesome tale, of a collective trauma.  The book can be difficult to read due to the despair of the human acts, and the writing style.  This story provides glimpses into the atrocities, not a detailed history and explanation for the events.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What was the situation in South Korea before the 1980s?
•What happened circa 1980?
•What was the outcome of the demonstrations of 1979?
•How were the people treated after 1980s?
•How are the dead taken care of?
•How do people think about what happened to them?
•What is the government capable of?
•Why torture people? 

Book Details
Introduction Author:   Deborah Smith
Translator:              Deborah Smith
Original Language: Korean
Translated Into:       English
Publisher:               Hogarth [Penguin Random House]
Edition ISBN:         9781101906736
Pages to read:          160
Publication:             2017
1st Edition:              2014
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    2
Content          1
Overall          1






Sunday, June 14, 2026

Review of Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? by Michael Sandel

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Law
Book Club Event = Book List (06/20/2026)




Watch Short Review


Excerpts

“To ask whether a society is just is to ask how it distributes the things we prize – income and wealth, duties and rights, powers and opportunities, offices and honors.  A just society distributes these goods in the right way; it gives each person his or her due.  The hard questions begin when we ask what people are due, and why.” – Michael Sandel, Chapter 1: Doing the Right Thing, Page 20


“One way of understanding what Kant means by acting autonomously is to contrast autonomy with its opposite.  Kant invents a word to capture this contrast – heteronomy.  When I act heteronomously, I act according to determinations given outside me.  Here is an illustration:  When you drop a billiard ball, it falls to the ground.  As it falls, the billiard ball is not acting freely, its movement is governed by the laws of nature – in this case, the law of gravity.” – Michael Sandel, Chapter 5: What Matters is the Motive / Immanuel Kant, Page 96


“As voluntary acts, contracts express our autonomy; the obligations they create carry weight because they are self-imposed – we take them freely upon ourselves.  As instruments of mutual benefit, contracts draw on the ideal of reciprocity; the obligation to fulfill them arises from the obligation to repay others for the benefits they provide us.” – Michael Sandel, Chapter 6: The Case for Equality / John Rawls, Page 124


Review

Is This An Overview?

For anyone seeking justice, justice can be based on different competing methods.  Using a different method to identity how to obtain justice, provide vastly different outcomes.  What defines justice, defines how society allocates resources.  What is justice to someone using a specific method, can be injustice to others using a different method.  Each method has value, but each has its limitations.  Justice can be based on welfare, freedom, or virtue. 

 

A utilitarian approach is to find what provides the maximum utility, that which produces happiness and limits pain.  But a collective utilitarian approach can enable harsh individual treatment.  A market solution to justice provides welfare, as markets enable incentives for people to supply what others want.  But market prices do not always reflect voluntary exchanges.  A libertarian approach is meant to provide the most freedom, by limiting state activity to enforcing contracts and protecting people.  But that means limiting collective action.  A virtue approach is meant to provide for what people morally deserve, cultivating decisions that support actions based on autonomy and reciprocity which promote the common good.  But there are decisions that take choice away from reciprocity.

 

Caveats?

This book expresses the complexity of each method of justice, the ways that each method can improve society and the limitations.  The explanations for the diverse methods of justice have mixed quality.  Having a background in philosophy is not necessary, but can improve an understanding of the claims made about justice. 

 

Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Should justice arguments be based on welfare, freedom, or virtue?
•What is utilitarianism? 
•What is liberaltarianism? 
•What is the virtue approach?
•What is freedom?
•What is heteronomy? 
•What does it mean to be morally responsible? 
•What is an imaginary contract? 
•What is a social contract?
•What happened after the hurricane?
•What is the justification for financial bailouts?
•What happened to the ship Mignonette?
•Who deserves the Purple Heart?
•What happened with the Ford Pinto?
•How to redistribute wealth justly? 
•What is the justice in a volunteer army and hiring people for war? 
•Who should be in a jury?
•Who should decide what to do with the human body?
•What is Rawls reference to the veil of ignorance?

Book Details
Edition:                   First Edition
Publisher:               Farrar, Straus and Giroux [Macmillan]
Edition ISBN:         9781429952682
Pages to read:          221
Publication:             2009
1st Edition:              2009
Format:                   eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5






Wednesday, June 10, 2026

Review of When We Are No More: How Digital Memory Is Shaping Our Future by Abby Smith Rumsey

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology
Book Club Event = Book List (06/13/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) How Does Digital Technology Modify Society?


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“We are replacing books, maps, and audiovisual recordings with computer code that is less stable than human memory itself.  Code is rapidly overwritten or rendered obsolete by new code.  Digital data are completely dependent on machines to render them accessible to human perception.  In turn, those machines are completely dependent on uninterrupted supplies of energy to run the server farms that store and serve digital data.” – Abby Smith Rumsey, Chapter 1: Memory on Display, Page 13-14


“What this means for the digital age is that data is not knowledge, and data storage is not memory.  We use technology to accumulate facts about the natural and social worlds.  But facts are only incidental to memory.  They sometimes even get in the way of thoughtful concentration and problem solving.  It is the ability for information to be useful both now and in the future that counts.  And it is our emotions that tell what is valuable for our survival and well-being.” – Abby Smith Rumsey, Chapter 1: Memory on Display, Page 17


“Fundamental to today’s anxiety about the future of memory is the lurking awareness that our recording medium of choice, the silicon chip, is vulnerable to decay, accidental deletion, and overwriting.  And we know there are few institutions – if any – that have the scale and capacity to keep our analog legacy of knowledge intact at the same time they scale up to acquire the digital.  This is a reasonable anxiety.  Without preservation, there is no access.” – Abby Smith Rumsey, Chapter 3: What The Greeks Thought: From A Counting To Aesthetics, Page 51


Review

Is This An Overview?

Shared knowledge across generations enables adaptive strategies to situations.  The tools used to share knowledge were capable of surviving across generations.  But technology has made knowledge sharing a short term indevoured.  The code used to render digital Information, can be overwritten or become obsolete by new code.  People are dependent on machines to render the digital data into readable formats.  The machines are dependent on uninterrupted supplies of energy. 

 

For information to be valuable, information needs to be useful now and in the future.  Past experiences shape how people interact, and expect of the future.  The fragility of digital data, the fragility of past experiences stored in digital formats, puts the future at risk.  Information sharing and access enable people to hold their government accountable to the people, and educate people on the responsibility of the governed and the representatives.  Through destruction of the past information, of history, of cultural information, enables the persecution of people.  The past provides alternative ideas, that can challenge those in power.  Without evidence of the past, corruption has no competitor.  By erasing facts, those in power validate their view of the future. 

 

Caveats?

This book is about validating the need to preserve memory, preserve information, and the consequences on the future without access to the past.  The references are primarily historic, with explanations including sociology, and psychology.  There are limits to information about digital technology, other than the expressed fragility. 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•How has the cost of information storage changed how people interact with information? 
•How has knowledge sharing shaped society? 
•How does digital data effect society?
•How does the past affect the future?
•What are cultural differences between homo sapiens and neanderthals? 
•What are causes for the loss of information?
•What information should be believed? 
•How does information affect government? 
•What are facts?
•What is the consequence of a loss of collective memory? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Bloomsbury Press [Bloomsbury Publishing]
Edition ISBN:         9781620408032
Pages to read:          171
Publication:             2016
1st Edition:              2016
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5